Geologist&#39;s calculating device.



W. J. MEAD.

GEOLOGISTS CALCULATING DEVICE.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. 19, I912- Patented Feb. 15,1916.

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GEOLOGISTS CALCULATING DEVICE.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. 19. m2.

Patented Feb. 15,1916.

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UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

WARREN J. MEAD, OF MADISON, WISCONSIN.

GEOLOGISTS CALCULATING DEVICE.

Application filed March 19, 1912.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, WARREN J. MEAD, a citizen of the United States, residing at Madison, in the county of Dane and State of W'isconsin, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Geologists Calculating Devices, of which the following is a specification.

My invention relates to a logarithmic calculating device for use of geologists.

As is well known, in making chemical analyses of rocks it is impossible to determine directly the mineral constituents of the rocks. Chemical analyses ordinarily give the composition of the rock in terms of oxids; that is, the composition of the rock as determined by chemical analysis is certain percentages of different metallic and noninetallic oxids, which include the essential constituents of the rock but, of course, do not indicate the minerals entering into the rock, as the same oxids are found in many of the several minerals found in the same rock. To determine the mineral constituents from the chemical analysis requires an extremely extended and laborious numerical computation, involving reduction of the oxids to their molecular ratios, combining these ratios properly and then reconverting the molecular ratios of the mineral combinations to terms of percentage weight.

It is the object of my invention to provide means for making the above calculations without the need of numerical computation, in which, given the analysis of a rock in terms of its oxids, the geologist can readily and with reasonable accuracy, by a process of elimination, obtain the percentages of the mineral constituents of the rock. The reverse operation can, of course, be made with equal facility. That is, if the percentages of minerals entering into a rock are known the true percentages of the oxids in each of said minerals can be read from the calculator and by combining the same the total per- Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Feb. 15, 1916.

Serial No. 684,853.

other scales each applying to a distinct mineral having pointed thereon lines indicating on the scale logarithmically the true per-- centage of the diflerent oxids composing the mineral, these lines being designated on the scale by the symbol of the oxid and no figure. There will be in the latter or mineral scales as many of said scales as there are minerals of common or usual occurrence and it is practical and within the scope of my invention to include in a single calculating device practically all of the known distinctive minerals, although for general purposes scales covering those of more common occurrence will be sufiicient. The two sets of scales are made relatively movable, that is, the complete numbered scale will be on one disk and all of the mineral scales concentrically positloned on another disk either within or without the numbered scale. Or straight sliding scales may be employed, one moving within the other. The radial line passing through an arrow marking its po sition on the mineral scales indicates the point of beginning and ending of said scales. The complete numbered scale is made to occupy a position in which the number 100, or its beginning and ending point, will fall in this line and the percentage position of the oxids for each mineral will be indicated on the mineral scale by the radial line passing through the corresponding number on the numbered logarithmic scale. The points for the oxids of the different mineral scales are thus determined from the numbered scale when its beginning and ending point is positioned in the radial line corresponding to the beginning and ending point of the mineral scale and indicated by the aforesaid arrow. If then the scales be relatively rotated or moved until the percentage of a given oxid found in a chemical analysis on the numbered scale comes in the radial line indicating the position of the said oxid on the mineral scale, the aforesaid beginning line or arrow will point to the figure representing the per cent. of the. mineral in the substance of which the analysis was made.

In the drawings, representing a form of embodiment of my invention, Figure 1 is a fig. 7. is a plan and Fig. 8 a transverse seotion of a longitudinally extended right line cale embocyiug my invention; Fig. 9 is a diag am showing the manner in which, from the percenz'zages of oxide found by chemical analysis of a given rock, the mineral constituents of said rock maybe obtained.

The scale comprises primarily a disk 10 on which the completely numbered logarithmic scale appears and a disk 11 on which a series of concentric mineral scales are indicated. The disk 10, as shown in 1, is centered at tie centers of the sc les on disk 11 and the scale on the disk 10 runs to the circular edge thereof and is positioned inside of the inner scale on disk 11. The arrow marked Per cent. mineral on the disk having the mineral scales falls in the radial line corresponding to the beginning and ending of such scales. Each mineral scale is marked with the name and symbol of its OXlCl constituents and also with figures representing the specific gravity of that mineral, as albite,

almandite, etc. The mineral. scales have markings only for the OXiCl constituents thereof and these markings are found in the following manner: The numbered scale is positioned with the point at the arrow. The percentages of oxids in the mineral are then read on the numbered scale and radial. lines protracted from such number across the space bounded by two concentric circles comprising the particular mineral scale, each of said lines being designated by the symbol of the oXid for which it stands. Thus, take the mineral dolomite composed of calcium and magnesium carbonates, the pure mineral contains 21.7 per cent. of mag nesium oXid, 30.4 per cent. of calcium oXid and are per cent. of carbon dioxid. With the numbered scale having the point 100 at the arrow, the radial line passing through the mark indicated by 21.7 on the numbered scale is protracted across the annular space between the two circles forming the.

dolomite scale and marked MgO, as indicated at 12,the radial line extending through the point on the numbered scale'marked 30.41

., is similarly protracted and marked CaO, as

indicated at 13, and the radial line passing through the point 47.9 on the numbered scale is marked C on the dolomite scale as in dicated 14. the same procedure each of the named mineral scales is produced, which thus provide markings indicating positions on the scale corresponding to the percentage composition of the oxide forming the r rai if read radially to the numbered lo mithmic scale when the same is positior with the mark 100 at the arrow repre thei e il scales.

Upon 1e centrally pivoted member 15 by means o. hich disks 10 and 11 secured togeth r, is pivoted :er arm 16, which in pr ctice m be composed of a single strip of celluloid or o-tl transparent niaterial doubled upon i indicated at 1'? and having the free ends secured between washers to the pivot post 15, asplainly shown at 18 in Upon the inside member 19 of ti marker arm a radial line E0 is market. The imirker arm is freely rotatable independently of either of the oisks and can be positioned so that the radial line 20 thereon. will fall upon any of the short radial indications of the oxids on the various mineral scales. in order to carry the marker arm accurately around so as to indicate -for any particular mineral scale, I secure to the outer arm 16 a slide 21 of alumimim or any other opaque material, said slide being adapted to be positioned on the line marking the outside circular boundary of any mineral scale, in which position as the arm 16 is carried over the disk 11 the markings on the particular mineral scale employed tor a given calculation will be accurately indicated just inside of the inner edge of slide 2-1.

In Figs. 3 to 6, inclusive, in place of the washers shown at 18 in Fig. 2 a special clamping member 22 is employed which may be of a single piece of metal bent as indicated in Fig. 6, or a pair of such pieces united at the edges, but which comprises an arched portion carrying the inner face of said member away from the plane of the adjacent disk to allow for clearance of tl'iumb pieces 2% formed, as is clearly indicated in 3 and 5, by striking up and turning over a portion of the metal. of the top disk. The transparent marker arm 16 will have its ends positioned in the holder as clearly shown in Fig. l, and by means of said holder the operative portion of the arm or that portion including the radial line 20 will be held in the plane of the scales while the thumb pieces 2% can be used to rotate one disk on the other or hold the disks so provided stationary while the other disk is relatively rotated.

In the construction shown in Figs. 3 and 4: the mineral scales are formed on the upn" the beginning and ending of disk 26 of s H per disk 25, the numbered scale'being on a wtly larger diameter than. disk so that said numbered scale may be positioned with the markings extend" radially inward to a circle. falling outsi e of It will be noted that in forming the min-' eral scales, in'certain instances the true percent-age of an oxid constituent will be less than 10, as, for example, in epidote the true percentage of H. is 1.89. As there are no figures on the logarithmic scale between zero and 1.0 it is necessary, in order to read from the scale, to find a position on the mineral scale for the particular oxid opposite to the number on the complete scale corresponding to the true percentage with the decimal point advanced one, or, in the case cited, to the mark numbered 18.9. In order to indicate on the scale that the decimal point has been advanced one so that in reading percentages the operator may be apprised of that fact and point back properly for obtaining the true reading, I have in. such cases inserted before the mark indicating the oxid the true percentage (less than 10) of the given oxid.

In the form of my invention shown in Figs. 7 and 8 I use right line scales instead of circular scales, as in the other forms. For this purpose I provide a straight block 27 having a numbered logarithmic scale 28 of usual form along one margin thereof and extending to the'edge of a cavity 29 provided in the face of the block 27. The mineral scales are formed upon slides 30 formed with central tongues 31 for registrv in corresponding grooves in the side walls of the cavity 29. The slides 30 have mineral scales upon each side thereof, there being in the example givenv ht of said scales on each face of the slide. he sets of scales on the different faces of the slides are interchangeable so that where two such slides are employed, as indicated in Fig. 8, the one not in use being positioned in a pocket in block 27, thirty-two mineral scales are available. Mounted to slide upon the top of block 27 and scale slide 30 positioned therein is a member 32 provided with a transparent face having a right line 34 marked thereon .and extending at right angles to the edge of the scale 28. A pointer arrow 35 is pivoted to the member 32 so as to be capable of swinging and indicating whichever one of the mineral scales is being used. An arrow 36 falling in the line which is at the beginning of the mineral scales points toward the logarithmic scale. It is obvious that the principle of operation of the right line calcnlatingdevice above described is similar to that of the circular scale, except that the circular arrangement permits a larger number of minerals to be grouped in a readily accessible form, is more compact and somewhat more convenient in use.

In operation, take for example the showing in Fig. 1, suppose a certain analysis to show 13per cent. of calcium oxid present in Connection with the mineral dolomite. By

setting the slide 21 on the outer circle and the line '20 of the arm 16 on the radial line for CaO of thedolomite scale, and then relatively rotating the numbered scale so as to bring the mark numbered 13 beneath the line 20, it will be seen that the arrow Per cent. mineral points to the number on the scale corresponding to 12.7 which indicates that in the particular rock analyzed 42.7 per cent. ofthe rock is composed of the mineral dolomite. ()n the otherhand, if the percentage of dolomite in a given rock or compound were known to be 42.7, by setting the numbered scale so that the arrow would point to the mark 42.7 and then rotating the arm 16 so as to bring the radial line over the mark indicating (laO, the number 13 will be read, when over the mark MgO the number 92.3 will be read, or having in mind the proper position of the decimal point and pointing back one, the number 9.2, while by carrying the line 20 over the CO mark the number 20.5 will be read, thus showing that a compound having 42.7 per cent. of dolir mite has of the oxid constituents of dolomite 9.2 per cent, of MgO, 13 per cent. of CM) and 20.5 per cent. of CO The method of using my calculating device in calculating mineral constituents of rocks from chemical analyses showing the total content of oxids is illustrated in the diagram in Fig. 9. Supposing an analysis of an iron bearing rock to show 77.35 per cent. of ferric oxid (Fe O,,), 5.85 per cent. aluminum oxid (A1 0,), 9.15 per cent. silica (SiO and 17.65 per cent. water (H,()), the geologist knowing that kaolin is the only mineral which in sucha group of oxids could contain the aluminum oxid places the slide 21 on the arm 16 so as to come opposite to the kaolin'scale circle and carries the arm about until the radial line thereon falls above the short line marked A1 0,, then rotates the mineral scale until the mark corresponding to 58.5, that is, 5.85, falls beneath the radial line, then reading from the arrow marked Per cent. mineral the number 14.85 is read from the numbered scale which is the amount'of the mineral kaolin present in the particular rock analyzed. The word Kaolin followed by the percentage of the mineral 14.85 is written atthe right of the diagram, as indicated in Fig. 7. Since kaolin also contains silica and water the radial line is carried over the mark designated SiO in the kaolin scale and, with the numbered scale still set so that the arrow indicates 14.85 as the per cent. mineral, 6.9 is read therefrom, which indicates the amount of silica present in the kaolin. In the same way, reading from the scale, 2.08 is found to be the percentage of water in the kaolin. These figures are entered below the original figures in the columns designatet SiO and H 0, respectively, and subtracted therefrom leaving 2.25 per cent. of silica, 5.57 per cent. of water. Since the Fe O has not been applied its percentage of 77.35 may be brought into the same horizontal line with the remainders of silica and water. (if the remaining oxids silica does not occur in any mineral compound in which the other oxic s of the analysis arefound, so it follows that the remaining per cent. of silica must exist in the rock as quartz, which accordingly is set down in the column at the left. There is now left 77.35 per cent. of -Fe O and 5.57 per cent. of water. Limonite is the only compound containing ferric oxid and water. Hence, 5.57 per cent. of water must have existed in tie mineral limonite. By setting the slide 21 above the mineral scale of limonite and carrying the same around until the radial line falls over the mark designated H O then rotating the numbered scale until the mark indicated by 55.7, or 5.57, comes under the radial. line, it will be noted that the arrow indicating the per cent. mineral points to the mark on the numbered scale corresponding to 38.25, which is the amount of the mineral limonite present in the rock. The word limonite to gether with the percentage 38.25 is written in the column atthe left of the diagram. By the use of the pointer with reference to the limonite scale it is shown that 38.25 per cent. of limonite contains 32.5 per cent; of Fe O which leaves a total of 44.85 per cent. of the ferric oxid. As this is an oxid with nothing else to combine therewith, it must be in the form of the mineral hematite, so that the particular rock analyzed isfound to have contained 14:.75 per cent. of kaolin, 2.25 per cent. of quartz, 38.25 per cent. of limonite and e l-.85 per cent. of hematite. By using the rule in the above manner the geologist who has some familiarity with the probable minerals existing in any given rock can from the chemical analysis of the rock obtain the percentages of the minerals to be found therein.

I claim:

1. A geologists calculating device comprising two relatively movable members,

one formed with a completely numbered logarithmic scale, the other comprising an extended plane surface adjacent said scale line, said surface being ruled with a multiplicity of parallel lines, the spaces between each adjacent pair of parallel lines having therein the designationof a definite mineral compound, said extended surface having marked thereon an indicator at the beginning of all of said parallel spaces and extending perpendicularly across the same and pointing perpendicularly to the scale edge, each of said spaces being ruled across with lines. perpendicular to said scale edge and so positioned relative to said indicator and the scale as to indicate the logarithmic "percentage positions withreference to the scale of the different oxid constituents of said minerals and being designated in said spaces by the chemical symbols of said oxide, and a member movable uniformly along said scale and said spaces having an indicating line extending transversely across the same.

2. A geologists calculating device comprising two concentric disks pivotallyconnected for relative movement, one having marked thereon a complete circular logarithmic scale, the other comprising an ex tended plane surface limited in one direction by the line of said scale, said surface being ruled with a multiplicity of concentric circles, the spaces between each adjacent pair of circles having therein the designation of a definite mineral compounchsaid extended surface having marked thereon an indicator representing the be inning of all said concentric spaces and extending radially across the same and pointing radially to the scale edge, each of said concentric spaces being ruled across with radial lines so positioned relative to said indicator and the scale as to indicate the logarithmic percentage positions with reference to the scale of the different oxid constituents of said minerals and being designated in said spaces by the chemical symbols of said oxids, and an. arm mounted for independent rotation about the common center of and having a. radial line extending across said scale and said concentric spaces.

3. A geologists calculating device comprising two concentric disks pivotally connected for relative movement, one having marked thereon a complete circular logarithmic scale, the other comprlsmg an extended plane surface limited in one direction by the line of said scale, said surface.

being ruled with a multiplicity of concentric circles, the spaces between each adjacent pair of circles having therein the designation of a definite mineral compound, said extended surface having marked thereon an indicator representing the beginning of all said concentric spaces and extending radially across the same and pointing radially to the scale edge, each of said concentric spaces being ruled across with radial lines so positioned relative tosaid indicator and the scale as to indicate the logarithmic percentage positions with reference to the scale of the different oxid constituents of said minerals and being designated in said spaces by the chemical symbols of said oxids, an arm mounted for independent rotation about the common center of and having a radial line extending across said scale and said concentric spaces, and a marker slldable along said F. E. WILLIAMS, V. C. FINoH.

Copies of this patent may be obtained for five cents each, by addressing the Commissioner of Patents,

Washington, D. C. 

